International Council for Education, Research and Training

Sustainable Municipal Blueprint: An Instrument For Plummeting Torrent Susceptibility And Construction Resilient Cities In Nigeria

Abatan, Stephen Olasunkanmi1, Musibau, Lukman2, Olagoke, Mariam3 and Obanewo-Peter Esther Olamide4

1,2,3.4Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Ede, School of Environmental Studies, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

Universally, (90%) of catastrophes have been brought about by floods, storms, heatwaves, and other climate-related occasions. Nigerians and their urban communities have been unending survivors of perpetual flooding for the beyond 40 years. This has brought about monstrous obliteration of properties, lived souls, significant infrastructure, and disturbance of financial exercises and ecological assets and ultimately made 2 million individuals destitute. Thusly, this has raised appropriate issues encompassing the conventional metropolitan plan of Nigerian urban areas and accordingly provoked the need to re-evaluate the idea of the metropolitan plan. This is to comprehensively consider the ecological, social, financial, and designing angles during the time spent preparation and advancement of urban areas altogether, to establish dynamic metropolitan conditions. Henceforth, the point of this paper is to audit the basic causes and the impacts of metropolitan flooding to widen the idea of the feasible metropolitan plan as a viable device to diminish flood weakness and make Nigerian first urban communities, for example, Lagos, Kano, Ibadan and Anambra versatile to flooding. The purposive methodology was utilized involving the subjective investigation of auxiliary information identified with Lagos, Anambra, Ibadan, and the Kano States and essential information from member perception. The discoveries from the paper showed that the hidden significant causes that exacerbated flooding in these Nigerian urban areas remember human activities for seepage frameworks, for example, unloading of decline, raising of designs on flood fields, improper improvement of metropolitan preparation and foundation, and other unpredictable activities that meddle straightforwardly or in a roundabout way with the free progression of water. Additionally, the review confirmed that Nigerian super urban communities needed supportable metropolitan plans because of “Nigerian Insight” on what metropolitan plans ought to be. The conventional discernment doesn’t resolve ecological issues, but instead on the shallow and style. Hence, improvement ought to instill all parts of the metropolitan plan to make human settlements comprehensive, protected, strong, and maintainable.


Keywords: Torrent, Drainage System, Sustainability, Municipal Blueprint, Infrastructure, and Growth

Impact Statement

 

The point of this paper is to audit the basic causes and the impacts of metropolitan flooding to widen the idea of the feasible metropolitan plan as a viable device to diminish flood weakness in Nigeria. The discoveries from the paper showed the hidden significant causes that exacerbated flooding in Nigeria which includes, poor metropolitan plans, ghettos flanking, unlawful waste unloading on seepage channels and roads corners, lack of structures and improvement of constructions on flood fields all shows an ineffectively planned, immensely impractical, and non-resilient to natural issues. The review confirms that Nigerian super-urban communities need supportable metropolitan plans and the improvement ought to be instilled all parts of the metropolitan plan to make human settlements comprehensive, protected, strong, and maintainable. The metropolitan populace and the metropolitan ghetto tenants should be incorporated into the general improvement plan and to get a fair portion of support. 

About Author/s

ABATAN, Stephen Olasunkanmi is a season researcher. He had his First National Diploma Certificate in Architectural Technology at the Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, had his First Degree at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. He had his Masters at the Premier University (University of Ibadan), Currently Undertaking his PhD in Urban and Regional Planning at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria. He is a Registered Town Planner with an Architectural Background and has vast understanding in The Built Environment, Waste Governance, Waste Management and Housing. He is a Team Player, a Development Knowledge Facilitator. He is the Pioneer and Current Head of Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.

Lukuman MUSIBAU holds PhD (Real Estate) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and MSc in Housing from University of Ibadan-Nigeria. He is a Member of Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (ANIVS) and Registered Estate Surveyor and Valuer (RSV). He was Head, Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Federal Polytechnic, Ede; with public service experience as Senior Special Assistant/Sub-National Consultant, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff (DCoS) to Executive Governor, Osun State-Nigeria, Technical Assistant on MDGs and SDGs to Presidency and Osun State Government in Nigeria; and external examiner for MSc and Doctorate candidates at Nelson Mandela University, South Africa and external examiner for undergraduate students at Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Kwara State; Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Osun State; Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State; and Federal Polytechnic Offa, Offa, Kwara State amongst others in Nigeria. He specializes and has high interest in pro-poor development activities.

Olagoke Mariam holds a Master’s degree from Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria. She is a member of Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria (AARCHES) and the Nigeria Institute of Architects (NIA). She was Acting Head, Department of Architectural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ede where she currently teaches. Her research interests are in Housing and Urban Studies, Environmental Psychology and Sustainability

 

Mrs. Obanewo-Peter Esther Olamide is a registered town planner with an Architectural technology background. She rose to the position of a Principal Technologist before crossing to the Academic line at Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun state. She has a Higher National Diploma Certificate in Architectural Technology, and had her first degree in Urban and Regional Planning at the Joseph Ayo Babalola University (JABU), Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria and currently, she is undertaking her Masters in Urban and Regional Planning at the Osun State University, Oshogbo, Nigeria. She is an expert in Environmental Planning and waste Management, Remote Sensing, Urban Design and Housing

References

 

  1. Abumere, S. I. (2019). Urbanization and urban decay in Nigeria. In P. Onibokun, F. Olokessi, & L. Egunjobi (Eds.), Urban renewal in Nigeria. NISER.

  2. Adebayo, A. (2002). Viewpoints. Cities, 19(5), 351–355. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00043-4

  3. Adejumo, O. T. (2021). Developmental strategy for sustainable public open space system in Metropolitan Lagos: The City in Nigeria (pp. 112–120). OAU.

  4. Adeloye, A. J., & Rustum, R. (2021). Lagos (Nigeria) flooding and influence of urban planning, urban design and planning, 164(DP3) (pp. 185–187).

  5. Adeoti, A., Olayide, O., & Coster, A. (2021). Flooding and welfare of fisher’s household in Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 32(3), 161–167.

  6. African Development Bank (AfDB). (2021). African Development Bank report. Abidjan.

  7. Agbola, T. (1994). The prospect for private sector involvement in urban management functions in Nigeria. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 6(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940X.1994.tb00054.x

  8. Agbola, T. (2022). Urban Violence, Urban Insecurity and Challenges of Good Governance: The evolving disturbing.

  9. Agbonkhese, O. U., Yisa, G. L., & Dewdu, P. H. (2023). Bad drainage and its effects on road pavement conditions in Nigeria. Civil and Enviormnental Research, 13(10).

  10. Akintola, E. O. (2019). Flooding phenomenon. In M. Filani, E. O. Akintola, & Ikporukpo (Eds.), Ibadan region. Department of Geography, University of Ibadan.

  11. Aluko, O. (2020). Development control in Nigeria’s new civil rule programme. Journal of the Institute of Town Planners (JNITP), 13, 78–88.

  12. Anozie, U. C. (1994). Environmental sanitation control in Imo State, Nigeria. In Urban Management and Urban Violence in Africa, 1 IFRA, UI: Ibadan.

  13. Aribigbola, A. (2021). Improving urban land use planning and management in Nigeria: The case of Akure. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, Year, 3(9).

  14. Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2007). Dimensions of the Urban Sector. http://www.adb.org Retrieved 18/6/2007

  15. Askew, A. J. (1999). Water in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In Leavesley et al. (Eds.), Destructive water: Water-caused natural disaster, their abatement and control, IAHS publication. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the NITP, Held at Ilorin, 239. scenario from Abuja, Nigeria, October 30–1 November.

  16. Barnet, J. (2020). Global environmental change. Elesevier, 13(1), 7–17.

  17. Bishop, I. D., Escibar, F. J., Karuppannan, s., & Williamson, I. P. (2020). Spatial data infrastructures for cities in developing countries: Lessons from the Bangkok experience. University of Melbourne.

  18. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. (2000). By design: Urban design in the planning system. Retrieved February 12, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/Government/Uploads/System/Uploads/Attachment_Data/File/7665/158490.Pdf

  19. Cotton, A. P., & Tayler, W. K. (1994). Community management of urban infrastructure in developing countries. In Proceedings of the Institute Civil Engineer Municipal Engineering, 103(4), Paper 10648. https://doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1994.27260

  20. Cuesta, R., Sarrris, C., & Signoretta, P. (2019). Urban design: Methods and techniques. Plant A Tree.

  21. DFID. (2021). Making Connections: Infrastructure for Poverty Reduction. Department for International Development. http://www.dfid.gov.uk

  22. Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., McLean, L., & Campbell, J. (2008). Unjust waters: Climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 20(1). http://www.actionaid.org.uk/doc_lib/urban_flooding_africa_report.pdf, 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089156

  23. Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., McLean, L., & Campbell, J. (2018). Unjust Waters: Climate Change, Flooding and the Urban Poor in Africa. Environment and Urbanization,20(1) Retrieved from http://www.actionaid.org.uk/doc_lib/urban_flooding_africa_report.pdf

  24. Dwyer, D. J. (2019). People and housing in third world cities: Perspectives on the problem of spontaneous settlement. Longman, Inc.

  25. Edun, A. O., Akinde, S. O., & Olaleye, S. O. (2013). Infrastructural development and its effects on economic growth. The Nigerian perspective. European Scientific Journal, 19(31).

  26. Efobi, K., & Anierobi, C. (2013). Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of Anambra State, Nigeria: Towards sustainable development. International Affairs and Global Strategy, 16, 46–49.

  27. Etuonovbe, A. (2019). The devastating effect of flooding in Nigeria. Paper presented at the FIG Working Week. Marrakech, Morocco, May 18–22.

  28. European Union Expert Group on the Urban Environment. (2022). Urban design for sustainability. Final Report of the Working Group on Urban Design for Sustainability to the European Union Expert Group on the Urban Environment, January 23.

  29. Fadamiro, J. A. (2022). Outdoor spaces and their landscape qualities: A comparative analysis of three neighbourhoods in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Urban and Environmental Research, Pp, 2, 55–67.

  30. Gbonegun, V. C. (2017). Why Nigerian cities lacked coherent physical planning: Property guardian newspapers, 2017.

  31. George, C. K. (1999). Attaining sustainable development in Lagos. Paper Presented At 27th Annual Conference of Nigeria, Institute of Town Planners, and Benin-City: Edo State. A Challenge for Town Planners.

  32. George, C. K. (2001). The challenges of urbanization in Nigerian urban centres: The Lagos mega city situation – A town Planner’s perspective. Libro-Gem Books Ltd.

  33. Gosling, D. (2019). Concepts of urban design. University of California Press.

  34. Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2019). Managing Cities: The new Urban Context. In P. Healey et al. (Eds.), More than ducts and wires: Post-Fordism cities and utility networks. John Wiley.

  35. Gwary, D. (2020). Climate change, food security and Nigeria agriculture. NISER. Paper presented at the Workshop on the challenges of Climate Change for Nigeria (pp. 19th–20th) May, 2008.

  36. Halpern, J., & Mumssen, Y. (2023). Lessons learned in Infrastructure Service Provision: Reaching the Poor. OBA Working Paper series, Paper no. 6, April. Washington DC: Global Partnership on Output Based Aid.

  37. Hughes, T. P. (1983). Networks of power electrification in western society 1880–1930. John Hopkins University Publishing.

  38. IPCC. (2020). Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, contribution of working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment report, summary for policymakers. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm.pdf

  39. Kaplan, R. (1996). The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st century. Random House.

  40. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature- A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.

  41. Knaap, G., & Talen, E. (2023). Infrastructure finance and urban development in Illinots: Does negotiation exacerbate sprawl? E. Frank (Ed.). Infrastructure Provision and the Negotiating process. MPG Books Limited Company, p. 155.

  42. Kreditor, A. (2019). The neglect of urban design in the American academic. Education and Research, 9(3), 155–164.

  43. Kruger, E. C., Brode, P., Rossi, F. A., & Fiala, D. (2020). Predicting Urban Outdoor Thermal Comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate index UTCI. A case study of Brazil. Springer journals.

  44. Marshall, S. (2012). Science, pseudo-science and urban design. Urban Design International, 17(4), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.22

  45. Millennium Development Goals. (2000). MDGs Nigerian report. United Nations.

  46. Millennium Development Goals. (2013). MDGs Nigerian report. United Nations.

  47. Moughtin, J. C. (2019). Urban design: Ornament and decoration p. 1743. Architectural Press.

  48. Muhammad, B. B. (2019). Highway drainage system. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141125045254-112545392-highway-drainage-system

  49. National Emergency Medicine Association. (2018). Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into sustainable development in Nigeria, 1 and 2. National Emergency Management Agency.

  50. Nigerian Emergency Management agency (NEMA, 2012) Report on flood disasters in Nigeria, Abuja: government Press

  51. Nigerian Emergency Management agency (NEMA, 2013) Report on flood disasters in Nigeria, Abuja: government Press.

  52. National Population Commission (NPC, 2006) Population and Housing Census. Federal Government of Nigeria.

  53. National Water Resources Institute. (2011). Report of Assessment of the 26th August 2011 Ibadan Flood Disaster, Oyo State, Nigeria. NWRI.

  54. Nelson, S. (2021). River systems and causes of flooding. Geology. Tulane University. Retrieved October 23, 2011. http://www.tulane.edu/sanelson/geo/204/subsidence.pdf, 204.

  55. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER). (2020). The State in Nigerian development-NISER review of Nigerian development, 2000 (p. 335pages). NISER.

  56. Nolan, B., & Maron, R. (1995). History, Causes and Significance of Changes in the Channel Geometry of Redwood Greek, North Western California, 1936 to 1982. United States Geological Survey professional. Paper Publications.

  57. Nwabineli, E. O. (2023). Gully and flooding in Anambra State. The way forward. Journal of Enviornmnet and Earth Sciences, 3(12).

  58. Obiahor, K. O., Alozie, M. C., Otic, U., & Peter, C. C. (2020). Urban planning problems in Onitsha, Anambra State. Sky Journal of Soil Science and Environment Management, 6(4), 053–058.

  59. Odufuwa Bashir, O., Adedeji, O. H., Oladesu Johnson, O., & Aloysius, B. (2012). Floods of fury in Nigerian cities. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(7).

  60. Offiong, R. A., Afu, J. E., Njar, G. N., & Amugu, U. A. (2018). Problems and Prospects of poor drainage System and Urban Sustainability in Calabar, Nigeria. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 7, No2.

  61. Olaseha, I. O., & Sridhar, M. K. C. (2003). Community mobilization for drainage improvement: Experience from three communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 22(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.2190/F37C-U9NP-WKR9-90MJ

  62. Olokesusi, F. (2019). Sustainability and solid waste management in Metropolitan Lagos: The imperative for A new paradigm. In U. I. Ibadan (Ed.), Urban management and urban violence in Africa, 1. IFRA.

  63. Onibokun, A. G., & Kumuyi, A. J. (1999). Ibadan in managing the monster: Urban waste and governance in Africa A. G. Onibokun (Ed.) (pp. 1–10). International Development Research Centre.

  64. Onokerhoraye, A. G. (2022). Rural and Urban Infrastructure in Nigeria: Linkage to poverty Alleviation. In S. I. Abumere & S. Adedoyin (Eds.), Development and analysis (pp. 51–83). Development Policy Centre.

  65. Osuiyi, S. D. (2023). Landscape design as a tool for improving Enugu neighborhoods. A case study of Oguwi new layout, Enugu [Unpublished thesis] [Unpublished dissertation] UNN Enugu Campus.

  66. Otegbulu. (2019). Housing and urban infrastructure development in Nigeria.

  67. Pickering, D., park. J.M. & bannister, D.B. (1993) Urban management and infrastructure: Utility Mapping and Record Keeping for Infrastructure. World Bank 20433. United States.

  68. Potschin, M. (2020). Landuse and the state of the natural environment. Land Use Policy, 26s, 170–177. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.08.008

  69. Preston, S. H. (1991). The demography of African American (1930–1990). Springer [Journal].

  70. Royal Institute of British Architects. (1990). Constructive change proposals from practice committee for sustained action in response to Rethnking construction. The Report of the Government Task Force on Construction. Royal Institute of British Architect. Royal Institute of British Architects.

  71. Sada, P., & Odemerho, F. (2021). Environmental issues and management in Nigeria development. Evans.

  72. Satterthwaite, D., Huq, S., Pelling, M., Reid, H., & Romero Lankao, P. (2019). Human settlements discussion paper series theme: Climate change and cities – 1: Adapting to climate change in urban areas. The possibilities and constraints in low- and middle-income nations. http://www.rockfound.org/initiatives/climate/climate_change.html

  73. Singh, R. R., Navpreet, K., Er, & Nitin, G. (2021). Drainage on roads. International Journal of Progresses in Civil Engineering, 1(1), 2394 – 4684

  74. United nations population funds (UNFPA). (2022). State of the World population 2007. United Nations. http://www.unfpa.orgRetrieved 28/11/2007

  75. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). (2006). Financing urban infrastructure, urban issue Paper. Urban. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). http://www.sida.se Accessed December 2006.

  76. The summary (2017) list of top 10 most populated states in Nigeria. (2017). Last Assessed Feburay.

  77. United Nations. (1992). Habitat. Promoting sustainable settlement development. Agenda 21, the Document agreed at the United Nations Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. UNIHABITAT. http://www.unhabitat.org

  78. United Nations. Habitat. (2008) Nigeria State of the City’s report: Onitsha urban profile united nations human settlement programme. Nairobi, Kenya.

  79. United Nations. SDGs. (2015) Sustainable Development Goals: All you need to know. Last accessed January 2015.

  80. Tiwari, A. K., Tiwari, A., & Tiwari, M. (2024). Education for international peace and harmony. Edumania, 02(01), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.59231/edumania/9021

  81. United Nations. Water. (2021). Cities coping with water uncertainties. media brief. UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication.

  82. Kumar, A. (2023). Promoting youth involvement in environmental sustainability for a sustainable Future. Edumania, 01(03), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.59231/edumania/9012

  83. Wahab, B. (2021). Ibadan: A rapidly growing City in need of a Master plan. Paper presented at the Architects’ Congress/Annual General Meeting organized by the Nigerian Institute of Architects, Oyo State Chapter, July 7, 2011, Ibadan.

  84. World Bank. (1995). Nigeria-Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project. World Group.

  85. World Bank. (2021). Restoring urban Nigeria: A strategy for restoring urban infrastructure in Nigeria. World Bank.

  86. World Bank. (2022). Infrastructure and environment, world bank research and development group, march. World Bank.

  87. Orji, E. I., Idika, D. O., Okeke, S. U., Anakwue, A. L., & Ntamu, B. A. (2023b). Global Warming and Impacts: Green entrepreneurship to the rescue. Shodh Sari, 02(04), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.59231/sari7636

  88. World Commission on Environment and Development. WCED. (2019) Our common future. Oxford University Press.

  89. World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). The Health and Environment linkages Initiative (HELI), The Urban Environment. WHO.

  90. World Health Organization. (2019). Fighting disease, fostering development. World Health Organization report, 2019.

  91. Hamza, S. (2023). Exploring transversal green skills required of technology graduates for environmental sustainability. Shodh Sari, 02(04), 392–418. https://doi.org/10.59231/sari7647

  92. World Health Organization. (2021). Conquering suffering and enriching humanity. World health Organisation report, 2021.

Scroll to Top