International Council for Education, Research and Training

Redefining Manhood: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Masculinity And Mental Health

Bawa, Simmin1, Jani, Jesha2 and Nisar, Shalini3

1Head of Department, Philosophy and Assistant Professor, Jai Hind College, Mumbai

2TYBA student Philosophy-Psychology, Jai Hind College, Mumbai

3TYBA student Philosophy-Psychology, Jai Hind College, Mumbai

Abstract

“Boys don’t cry”—a phrase representative of traditional masculinity—serves as a starting point for this research, where we investigate the profound impact of gender norms on mental health, emotional expression, and psychological well-being. This study explores the relationship between masculinity and mental health by looking at how psychological resilience, emotional well-being, and access to mental health support are affected by traditional gender norms. The concept of masculinity is examined philosophically from the perspectives of gender studies, metaphysics, ethics, and social philosophy. Our study involves underlying structures, norms, and implications of this phenomenon. The study traces the evolution of men’s emotional perceptions through a philosophical framework while discussing gender differences and the social norms that have historically shaped these differences. Rethinking emotional vulnerability in men from an existentialist viewpoint. The study focuses on three toxic traits: emotional suppression, aggression, and aversion to vulnerability. Thus, the existing norms contribute to higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide among men. It describes the influence in male relationships on mental health outcomes, the restrictions on emotional intimacy in friendships attributable to masculine norms, isolation, and negative behavioural reinforcement within peer groups. The research also examines whether individuals, who are deeply socialized into these structures, ought to be held morally accountable for entrenching toxic masculinity and emphasizes the necessity of awareness and resistance toward such norms. Toxic masculinity harms others (violence, misogyny) and the self (emotional repression, mental health issues). They discuss the moral responsibility of correcting this damage, especially when it is deeply rooted within the established social structures. Feminist theorists’ critique toxic masculinity as a reflection of patriarchal values but also in the proposal that it somehow ‘harms not just women but men’ too, in constructing a role of masculinity that is restraining. It argues that men have equally suffered under rigid gender expectations, which make it exceedingly difficult for them to express vulnerability or seek emotional support. In addition to offering practical insights for educators, therapists, and legislators seeking to undermine damaging male norms and create a more just society, this study adds findings to the larger conversation on gender roles, mental health, and social ethics.

Keywords: Masculinity, Toxic, Gender Norms, Social Norms, Existentialism, Mental Health, Resilience, Social Ethics, Emotional Vulnerability, Patriarchy, Feminism. 

Impact Statement

This research study critically confronts the enduring mythos of traditional masculinity and its profound consequences on men’s mental health, emotional expression, and social functioning. By integrating philosophical analysis with psychological insight, the study highlights how entrenched gender norms—particularly emotional suppression, aggression, and vulnerability aversion—not only perpetuate harm within male peer dynamics and intimate relationships but also contribute to alarming rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide among men. Beyond diagnosing these issues, this work challenges society to reconsider the ethical implications of sustaining such norms and to interrogate the moral accountability of individuals and institutions that reinforce them. With practical relevance for educators, therapists, and policymakers, this research pushes for a transformative shift toward healthier, more compassionate models of masculinity, contributing to the dismantling of toxic gender expectations and fostering emotional justice for all.

About The Author

Ms. Simmin Bawa is the Head of the Department of Philosophy at Jai Hind College. Prof. Bawa has made important contributions to the discipline due to her strong interest in applying ancient philosophical principles to current living. Her study involves a thorough examination of the Kamasutra, with an emphasis on the sensuous and sexual lives of individuals during the Grihastha ashrama, as well as the text’s insights about women’s financial independence. She has also written on Gandhian ideas in ethical entrepreneurship, which emphasize truth and nonviolence in corporate processes. Miss Bawa also explores the significance of meditation in education from a Krishnamurti standpoint, highlighting its effect on emotional well-being. Her multidisciplinary approach bridges the gap between ancient philosophy and current practical applications, encouraging overall well-being and ethical living.

 

Ms. Shalini Nisar is a third-year BA student majoring in Philosophy and Psychology at Jai Hind College, Mumbai. With a deep-rooted passion for understanding human behaviour and mental processes, she is committed to exploring the complexities of the mind and applying psychological principles to make a meaningful impact. Her academic journey blends philosophical inquiry with psychological science, equipping her with a well-rounded perspective on the intricacies of human thought and emotion. Shalini is dedicated to advancing her knowledge in psychology, with aspirations of contributing to mental health and well-being at a deeper level. Eager to take her expertise further, she is continually seeking opportunities to engage with research and practical experiences that will enhance her understanding and skills in the field.

 

Ms. Jesha Jani, I am a currently pursuing my bachelors of arts from Jai Hind College. Majoring in Philosophy and Psychology. I enjoy delving into the intricacies of human behaviour, ethics, and the nature of consciousness, aiming to expand her knowledge through critical thinking and detailed analysis. Studying philosophy and psychology reflects my ambition to uncover the connections between these fields and contribute to a deeper understanding of the human experience.

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